were there wolves in ukraine during wwii

Facts Unless the lesson is learned from the Holocaust 'tomorrow will be the same story'. Service members of pro-Russian troops in the . 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She was a Jew and she brought her 10 year old girl and asked my father to let her stay with us. The commander of the Wolves Hundred in eastern Ukraine is a Russian citizen named Evgeny Evgenievich Ponomaryov, who goes by the nickname Batya, meaning Daddy or Papa. Whitetail hunting strategies for the next generation. People hid to escape doing it. Ukraine at a glance Main prey for wolves here are ungulates and livestock. For weeks, the central government in Kiev, along with its allies in the U.S. and Europe, have been trying to find solid evidence of Russian boots on the ground in eastern Ukraine. Circumstances leading to wolf attacks on humans, The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans, "Let's get real: beyond wolf advocacy, toward realistic policies for carnivore conservation", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_wolf&oldid=1139317437, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 14:04. Elsewhere in Ukraine, he heard from Nikola Kristitch, who was aged eight in 1942, when he saw a vision of hell that haunted him for the rest of his life. Human relationships. We were young and it was hard to watch. Its loins are more slender, its legs longer, feet narrower, and its tail is more thinly clothed with fur. During her arduous journey Misha said she stayed with a pair of wolves she named Maman Rita and Ita. They fired a burst at the people lying there, and then more went in and another burst. In 2015, Vladimir Katriuk, a Ukrainian and member of the SS during World War II . (AP Photo/Efrem Lukatsky) KYIV, Ukraine Hundreds of Ukrainian nationalists held a . But Nazis did not trust mass killing of Jews to locals. In many cases, the Jews were ordered to dig pits and then to strip naked before they were mown down by their murderers. Their traditional Cossack hats, or papakhas, were made out of wolf fur instead of the customary sheepskin, and its fighters would often embellish their Cossack uniforms with the severed tail of a wolf. Most of all, they were known for their distinctive battle cry, which mimicked the howling of wolves in order to intimidate their enemies. Hitler had planned to eradicate over half of Ukraine's population so that the country's rich farmland could be repopulated with Germans in their so-called quest for Lebensraum. The committee was successful in reducing wolf numbers in the Dinaric Alps. It turned out, he was planning the site of what would become Rava Ruska's Jewish mass grave.'. (1)Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note, Europe-Asia Studies 55, no. 'That night, the people covered it in, but the ground was still moving, for another two days. Their clothes were ransacked for cash and valuables. Germany's wolf population on the rise, new data shows; Germans divided over return of the wolves; Germany reveals costs . On June 29, 1941, the Germans, having already launched their invasion of Soviet territory, invade and occupy Lvov, in eastern Galicia, in Ukraine, slaughtering thousands. Early last year, hunters there killed more than 200 wolvesan estimated 20% of the state's wolf populationin just 3 days, well above the permitted kill of 119 animals. The Germans were accompanied on their entry into Lviv on June 30 by members of OUN-B, who that same day proclaimed the restoration of Ukrainian statehood and the formation of a provisional state administration; within days the organizers of this action were arrested and interned in concentration camps (as were both Bandera and, later, Melnyk). During the Russian invasion of Georgia in 2008 and the takeover of Crimea in March, armed Cossack militias served alongside the Russian military. 'They also put chlorine, that allowed them to lower the level of the pit by one metre, and the blood stopped running'. According to the National WWII Museum, one in every four Jewish victims of the Holocaust was murdered in Ukraine. Magazines, Or create a free account to access more articles, Meet the Cossack 'Wolves' Doing Russia's Dirty Work in Ukraine. And us kids, we hid in the bushes, out of curiosity, to see. [5] In Lithuanian mythology, an iron wolf appears before Grand Duke Gediminas, instructing him to build the city of Vilnius. One person said a German arrived alone on a motorcycle. They did not remove the blue siren from the roof, as it seemed to lend them an air of authority as they drove around the towns that they control. From Little Red Riding Hood to stories of wolves eating German soldiers marching home from Russia after World War II, these canines have gotten a bad rap here for generations. Leading historian Mikhail Tyaglyy told MailOnline the number of Jewish victims in Ukraine is between 1.4million and 1.6million, significantly higher than the oft-quoted figure of around one million. [17] The now extinct British wolves are known to have reached similar sizes to Arctic wolves. A relatively lawless territory prior to 1889, the Black Hills attracted the type of folks looking for quick money, slow justice, and open space, especially during a short-lived gold rush. The number of wolves in Albania and North Macedonia is largely unknown, despite the importance the two countries have in linking wolf populations from Greece to those of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The conflict in Ukraine has been to a large degree about history and how to interpret it. It was founded as a cavalry force in 1915 by Russian Colonel Andrei Shkuro, an ethnic Cossack and native of the region of Kuban. Dozens of Mr Codesal's sheep died after a wolf attack . Share this post. Wolves were extirpated in Slovakia during the first decade of the 20th century and, by the mid-20th century, could be found only in a few forested areas in eastern Poland. There are now some 2,500 Iberian wolves: around 2,000 are in Spain - the largest wolf population in western Europe - and the rest in Portugal. It turned out, he was planning the site of what would become Rava Ruska's Jewish mass grave, They brought them to the edge of a pit and shot them. Of the 108 children, 59 were boys aged 1 15 years (average age 7.3 years) and 47 girls aged 1 17 years (average age 7.2 years). I just made my eyes wide and said I dont know anything about anything, Vlad says of his interrogation. Another witness, Gregory Haven, recalled how the Germans had before the killings how they 'ordered all the Jews in the village to wear an armband on their right arm with the Star of David. The Eurasian wolf and the Italian wolf are legally protected in most European countries, either by listing in the annexes of the EU-FHH Directive or by the Bern Convention or both, depending on whether a country is a signatory of the Bern Convention or not. Claim I saw a young Jew who brought corpses in a cart to the Jewish cemetery. The decline in the moose populations has reduced the wolf's food supply. [36] In the monitoring year 2020/21, there were a total of 157 packs, 27 pairs and 19 individual territorial animals in 11 federal states. An estimated 1.5 million Ukrainian Jews perished, and over 800,000 were displaced to the east; at Baby Yar (Ukrainian: Babyn Yar) in Kyiv, nearly 34,000 were killed in just the first two days of massacre in the city. Many people were requisitioned to dig the mass graves, to fill them, to bring the Jews in horse-drawn carts, to bring back their suits, to sell the suits, to put ashes on the blood Father Patrick Desbois, Catholic priest. Only the revived Ukrainian Orthodox Church was permitted to resume its work as a national institution. One veteran Tikhon Leshchuk, now 89, recalled how his father, a priest, hid a Jewish girl in their house throughout Nazi occupation. 'They lay down and there was one sub-machine gun and two Germans, they had the skull and crossbones on their caps. 'On 27 June 1941, German troops came into Rava Ruska. He only said that outside the camp was worse than in the camp. A Russian attack yesterday in the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv caused damage near the memorial site of one of the biggest mass shootings of Jews during World War II. Weve been around since the 1990s We got together, organized ourselves, and began going as volunteers wherever there was a threat to Russian Orthodoxy, to Orthodox believers or to the interests of the Russian empire, Ponomaryov tells TIME in Kramatorsk. They all lay down like herrings. The legendary Russian General Pyotr Vrangel, who was known as the Black Baron for his rank within the nobility and the color of the Cossack uniform he wore, described the original Wolves Hundred as a band of marauders. From there it only got worse, peaking during 1932 and 33 when starvation struck Ukraine. that is stunning. The species was exterminated twice in Crimea, once after the Russian Civil War, and again after World War II. In spring 1944 the Red Army began to penetrate into Galicia, and by the end of October all of Ukraine was again under Soviet control. & Ciucci, P. (2003), "The Wolf as a Carnivore", in, Fritts, S. H., et al. But you could see the pit move, because some of them were still alive, Many people were requisitioned to dig the mass graves, to fill them, to bring the Jews in horse-drawn carts, to bring back their suits, to sell the suits, to put ashes on the blood, They stripped them naked, men and women. Due to the abundance of game and many grazing animals still living in species-appropriate free range management, the wolves in Europe are not yet interested in children as prey. Yet the Soviet Union, for its own motives, obscured the full scale of the Holocaust on its own territory. ', He said: 'There may be differences in calculating the number of Jewish population in Ukraine before the war, it is about including or not including the Eastern regions of Poland after Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, but in general we can say that at least a half - if not more - of all Ukrainian Jews were killed in Holocaust at our territory.'. But it was his experience in Rava Ruska - which was also on the main railway line to the death camp of Belzec in Nazi-occupied Poland where up to 600,000 were exterminated in gas chambers - that led him to expand his search across the country. But the Wolves Hundred was formed, Ponomaryov says, long before Putin incorporated the Cossack militias into the Russian armed forces. Although wolves have special status in Hungary, they may be hunted with a year-round permit if they cause problems. Desbois said: 'He never spoke. I'm not sure what happened with her mother but Anna survived and later became a school teacher in Rava Ruska.'. He added: 'There are certain stereotypes about participation of Ukrainian nationalists in pogroms in the early war years which were planted by Soviet history. The violence was particularly brutal in Ukraine. Origin Wolves in Hungary occurred in only half the country around the start of the 20th century, and were largely restricted to the Carpathian Basin. Its usually bears or mountains lions attacking people that end up in the news. , updated For example, Switzerland submitted such a request in 2006, which was rejected at the time. Under such conditions of brutality, Ukrainian political activity, predicated originally on cooperation with the Germans, increasingly turned to underground organizational work and resistance. H. InEncyclopedia of Ukraine: Volume II: G-K, 108293. [18], The extermination of Northern Europe's wolves first became an organized effort during the Middle Ages[citation needed], and continued until the late 1800s. The priest's grandfather, a French political prisoner, went home after his internment during which he survived eating dandelions and grass. Absolutely bad ass. The opened fire on the helpless Jews who dropped back-first into the pits. But by 1920, the Wolves Hundred had been routed and disbanded, and Shkuro fled to Europe along with many czarist officers. [33], Poland plays a fundamental role in providing routes of expansion into neighbouring Central European countries. While Germans often think of World War II as a fight against the Russians,. The child died in pools of blood in front of the parent's eyes.'. The partisan war started in territories in Eastern and Central Europe . During their service to Czar Nicholas II, the Wolves Hundred were easily identifiable by their military banner, which depicted the head of a wolf against a black background. 'Russia makes a point about Ukrainian nationalists because it is keen to divert suspicion from itself.'. For modern Ukraine the subject is difficult, too, because it means admitting a role for nationalists in colluding the Nazis, in part because some preferred a German occupation to Stalin's as the lesser of two evils. The world has learned two things in the year since the Russians invaded Ukraine in February 2021 the Russian army is no longer the fearsome juggernaut that expelled the invading Germans during . [39][40] States outside the EU which are signatories to the Bern Convention may submit a corresponding application for a change of protection status to the Standing Committee of the Berne Convention, in which the LCIE also has an advisory role. Locals went there 'because the Jews had undressed there and people saw the Germans taking the civilian clothes of women and men, they came to see if they could find something - money, rings, gold watches'. We wont just kill them. "They didn't do a thing to sanction Hitler during World War II. The Nazis were aided at times by auxiliary forces recruited from the local population. How the War in Ukraine is Shaped by Its Past And when there's a crime you have evidence. More on this topic. [12], The size of Eurasian wolves is subject to geographic variation, with animals in Russia and Scandinavia being larger than those residing in Western Europe,[13] having been compared by Theodore Roosevelt to the large wolves of north-western Montana and Washington. The voracious animals were attracted to the prolific and gruesome scavenging available in the warzone, attacking soldiers and civilians alike. Some Ukrainians initially welcomed the Nazi invaders. The Polish scientists estimated that at the end of the 2018/19 monitoring year, at least 95 resident wolf packs would be west of the Vistula, more than at any time since data collection began in 2003. [29][30] Since 2011, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark have also reported wolf sightings presumably by natural migration from adjacent countries. Courtesy of Yad Vashem Photo Archive. He uncovered accounts of how Jews were killed by the Nazis 'for fun', or 'out of anger, boredom, drunkenness', or 'to rape the girls'. Hostilities were at once suspended and Germans and Russians instinctively attacked the pack, killing about 50 wolves.. Attitudes and issues. The illusion was quickly shattered. The solders destroyed the Jewish cemetery and soon made a Jewish ghetto in the town centre. The species was almost wiped out in 20th-century Finland, despite regular dispersals from Russia. [14] Adults from Russia measure 105160cm (4163in) in length, 8085cm (3133in) in shoulder height, and weigh on average 3250kg (71110lb), with a maximum weight of 6980kg (152176lb). [58] The wolf was held in high esteem by the Dacians, whose name was derived from the Gaulish Daoi, meaning "wolf people". Wolves, along with other predators like bears, lynx, and wolverines, are making a comeback in Europe. March 1, 2022. Organized persecution of wolves began in Yugoslavia in 1923, with the setting up of the Wolf Extermination Committee in Koevje, Slovenia. It was a crime. Under the Nazis, a blend of German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and racist notions about the Slavs produced a reign of terror and genocide. Although protected, many wolves are illegally killed in Greece annually, and their future is uncertain. It was once widespread throughout Eurasia prior to the Middle Ages. It was during the winter of 1942, there was blood and the ground was red.'. 'The Nazi killers hired these German companies to move the bodies to mass graves. [25] Following the two world wars, Soviet wolf populations peaked twice; 30,000 wolves were harvested annually from a population of 200,000 during the 1940s, with 40,00050,000 harvested during peak years. By some accounts, they were notably lacking in discipline. [20], In Eastern Europe, wolves were never fully exterminated, due to the area's contiguity with Asia and its large forested areas. Females typically weigh 60 to 100 pounds, and males weigh 70 to 145 pounds. And navigate to the section on "World wars," beginning on page 724 and ending on page 728, from: Struk, DanyloHusar, ed. They stripped them naked, men and women. All of this points to the complicity, if not also the direct orders, of various branches of the Russian government in the Wolves Hundred campaign from Russian border guards all the way up to the Kremlin Council for Cossack Affairs. Russian President Vladimir Putin gives a speech during the Victory Day military parade at Red Square in Moscow on May 9, 2018. . Almost four million people were evacuated east of the Urals for the duration of the war. A witness from Bakhiv, Temofis Ryzvanuk, then 14, told him how Germans beat the Jews with whips to force them to dig the holes into which they would be buried. NPR's Daniel Estrin reports. The western part of modern-day Ukraine was under Polish control when the Germans invaded Poland in 1939, initiating World War II. Desbois warned: 'A whole part of the genocide has not been declared. In describing North American wolves, John Richardson used European wolves as a basis for comparison, summarising the differences between the two forms as: The European wolf's head is narrower, and tapers gradually to form the nose, which is produced on the same plane with the forehead. Facts, figures, persons. Around 82 people were bitten by rabid wolves in Estonia during the 18th to 19th centuries, with a further 136 people being killed in the same period by nonrabid wolves, though the animals likely involved in the latter cases were a combination of wolf-dog hybrids and escaped captive wolves. But they only lasted about five years in their original incarnation. 2023 TIME USA, LLC. In 1883, up to 1,386 wolves were killed, with many more by poison. 'The topic of the Holocaust was almost banned in Soviet times,' Mikhail Tyaglyy, historian of the Ukrainian Centre of Holocaust Study, told MailOnline. 'We will come back to the last grave where they killed the Jews We have a duty to victims because each and every one of them had a name.'. Temofis described the bloody execution as a 'production line' that was 'so well organised' that it only took a few minutes for everyone to be killed. : r/ukraine. Jews were humiliated and murdered one by one in Ukraine during WW2 Many of them were forced to stand in front of mass graves and shot dead Women were stripped naked, beaten in the. Its ears are higher and somewhat nearer to each other; their length exceeds the distance between the auditory opening and the eye. But pogroms is one thing, and systematic extermination of the Jewish population which was organised purely by the German Nazis is another. The return of the wolf in Europe. The rounding up of Jews in a street in L'viv following the discovery of mass graves at NKVD prisons, June 30- July 3, 1941. I remembered one of the girls, a young girl. World War II monuments were excluded . The Nazi Werewolves Who Terrorized Allied Soldiers at the End of WWII Though the guerrilla fighters didn't succeed in slowing the Allied occupation of Germany, they did sow fear wherever they. While Moscow has continued to politicize the historic event, Kyiv has shifted toward an increasingly Western . Theres an open corridor for the Cossacks, for the Wolves, says Mozhaev. Sweden didn't do anything during World War II, and now they're sending . This goes back to 1941 when Ukraine, at the time part of the Soviet Union, was occupied by Nazi Germany. 'Many people were requisitioned to dig the mass graves, to fill them, to bring the Jews in horse-drawn carts, to bring back their suits, to sell the suits, to put ashes on the blood. University of Toronto Press, 1988.http://ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt15jvz0h.3. This is confirmed by the results of the wolf monitoring financed by the International Fund for Animal Welfare and the nature conservation foundation EuroNatur, which is carried out by the Polish nature conservation organisation Association for Nature Wolf (AfN Wolf). The remainder was organized as the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. His death sentence by hanging was carried out in the Soviet capital in January 1947. But there maybe up to 6,000 more sites to uncover, with victims of this 'Holocaust of bullets' - so called because unlike in Poland and Germany where gas chambers were used as the means of slaughter - here most were summarily shot and buried nearby. This story was adapted from a piece originally written by Ellen de Wolf of WWF Netherlands. His writings were widely accepted among Russian zoological circles, though he subsequently changed his stance when he was tasked with heading a special commission after World War II investigating wolf attacks throughout the Soviet Union, which had increased during the war years. Fresh packs would appear in place of those that were killed by. Ukraine's president, Volodymyr Zelenskiy, has praised his people's bravery and resolve on the 50th day of war, calling Russia's invasion "absurd" and "suicidal" in his latest . He explained: 'Thirteen German private trucking companies came to work in Rava-Ruska. and just over 300 tanks. Since then, its become a favorite bit of bar room banter among amateur historians, like the powerful Joe Rogan. Some 2.2 million people were taken from Ukraine to Germany as slave labourers (Ostarbeiter, or eastern workers). His best friend at school - a Jew - suddenly vanished, presumably shot by the Nazis. What is Wrong with Romanian Livestock Guarding Dogs? As of December 2021, there are at least 95 wolves in the park. Weve been at it for almost 20 years, with different men, as part of different military forces, but always as the Wolves Hundred., The history of this regiment goes back nearly a century. Myths, lies and old wives tales loom large in the outdoor pursuits. 'Because one day we will have to go back to Iraq, because one day we will have to go back to the last mass grave in Darfur.'. 'People who were present at the killings wanted to speak before they die,' he said. 'If we look at modern German society, we can hardly see any signs of anti-Semitism and xenophobia there, but it became possible because of long term wise educational, cultural and historical policies of the German state within the last decades. Despite periods of intense hunting during the 18th century, wolves never disappeared in the western Balkans, from Albania to the former Yugoslavia. 'They kept shooting them until nightfall. But this claim marks a spectacular irony coming from them, as the founding father of the Wolves Hundred, Shkuro, was himself a Nazi collaborator during World War II. [41] In 2018, Switzerland again requested the reduction of the protection status. As well as conducting guerrilla warfare with the Germans, the Soviet partisans and the UPA fought each other. (See also Holocaust: The Einsatzgruppen.). Despite their fearsome reputation, wolves are rarely aggressive towards humans. He has estimated that there may be another 6,000 sites still to find, reported Deutsche Welle. Eight packs were noted. And they realized that they were going to be killed". The extirpation of wolves in Ireland followed a similar course, with the last wolf believed to have been killed in 1786. The wolf has been a protected animal in Romania since 1996, although the law is not enforced. With compensation of German territories in the west, Poland agreed to the cession of Volhynia and Galicia; a mutual population exchangeand the subsequent deportation of the remaining Ukrainian population by Poland to its new western territoriescreated for the first time in centuries a clear ethnic, as well as political, Polish-Ukrainian border. Ukraine has been unhappy about Romania's generous citizenship laws, designed to benefit ethnic kin outside Romania's borders. In mid-1943 the Germans began their slow retreat from Ukraine, leaving wholesale destruction in their wake. [7]:174 Although similar in size to central Russian wolves, Swedish and Norwegian wolves tend to be more heavily built with deeper shoulders. 'Such attitude easily inspired pogroms as we had in Western Ukraine. On Feb. 25 . Initially, the Germans were greeted as liberators by some of the Ukrainian populace. Cultural activities were repressed, and education was limited to the elementary level. This count marks a decrease of 23% from 2020 but is close to the previous decade's average end of year count (2010-2019 average = 94.5). But on the hood of the black, Russian-made Hunter SUV, they drew their insignia the snarling head of a wolf in profile. he asked. The priest is unapologetic over his campaign in Ukraine. We will give their bodies back to their mothers in bags, he told TIME on May 4 outside their base of operations in the town of Kramatorsk. The notion of Ukrainian nationalists colluding with the Nazis was a vivid horror played on by Soviet propaganda, and now seized on again by the Russian authorities in branding 'fascist' those who currently want to be outside Moscow's sphere of control. The Soviet authorities prevented the document from reaching both the public and those who would otherwise be assigned to deal with the problem. 11:44 EST 06 May 2016. It all began with Shkuro, Ponomaryov says of the original Wolves Hundred. Russian Wolves New York Times [21][22], In Central Europe, wolves were dramatically reduced in number during the early 19th century, due to organized hunts and reductions in ungulate populations. I didn't see them but I heard the shots. In the east, its range overlaps with populations in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and Slovakia. Michel Meuret, Laurent Garde, Charles-Henri Moulin, Marie-OdileNozires-Petit, Marc Vincent: Michel Meuret, Laurent Garde, Charles-Henri Moulin, Marie-Odile Nozires-Petit, Marc Vincent: Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 14:04, Favourable conservation status of wolves in Europe, "Ecological and cultural diversities in the evolution of wolf-human relationships", "Factsheet: Gray Wolf (Eurasia's Carnivores > Canis lupus)", Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British museum, "Institutional Misfits: Law and Habits in Finnish Wolf Policy", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3746A163508960.en, Neue Zahlen: Mehr Wolfsrudel in Westpolen, "Wolves close in on Berlin after more than a century", Military training areas facilitate the recolonization of wolves in Germany, Wolf territories in Germany - summary by federal states, Soviet Union collapse 'affected region's wildlife', Status of large carnivore populations in Europe 2012-2016, Berner Konvention: Schweiz beantragt Rckstufung des Schutzstatus des Wolfs, levage et loups en France: historique, bilan et pistes desolution. Wolves in the eastern Balkans benefitted from the region's contiguity with the former Soviet Union and large areas of plains, mountains, and farmlands. However, the absence of Ukrainian autonomy under the Nazis, mistreatment by the occupiers, and the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians as . The Germans moved swiftly, however, and by the end of November virtually all of Ukraine was under their control. "In January 2020, I had nightmares about the potential for . 'Twenty five years ago, I learned that in Rava Ruska there was a camp where 25,000 Soviet prisoners were killed by the Germans,' he said in this village, once a thriving town with 42 per cent of its population Jewish. In total, TIME saw at least a dozen fighters in their group, although the number seemed to fluctuate as new volunteers would arrive in the rebel-held towns of eastern Ukraine. It turned out, he was planning the site of what would become Rava Ruska's Jewish mass grave Father Patrick Desbois,Catholic priest. Absolutely bad ass. I was 6 years old." 17% od Ukrainian army are women. The Germans had automatic rifles and when they got close to the pit they shot them, Temofis Ryzvanuk, witness of mass killing of Jews in Ukraine, Pavement where disabled woman gestured at cyclist before fatal crash, Wheel of Fortune contestant answers food puzzle wrong, Incredible footage of Ukrainian soldiers fighting Russians in Bakhmut, Pro-Ukrainian drone lands on Russian spy planes exposing location, 'Buster is next!'

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